OBJECTIVES: The objective is to highlight key findings, assess types of health economics and outcomes research (HEOR) methodologies adopted, and identify the obstacles encountered during the deployment of personalized medical interventions that incorporate HEOR methodologies.

METHODS: A literature search was conducted across databases such as PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar. The systematic literature review was performed to identify studies that utilized HEOR methodologies to evaluate personalized medicine strategies and the challenges that emerged. Main keywords included "Precision Medicine," "Personalized Medicine," "Health Economics," "Outcomes Research," and "Cost-Benefit Analysis." Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed to conduct review.

RESULTS: The database search and grey literature resulted in 516 studies, of which 79 were selected for secondary screening and 21 included in final analysis. The United States led with five studies, followed by United Kingdom (n=4), Netherlands (n=3), Germany (n=2), and other countries (n=7). Oncology was the most commonly studied in therapeutic focus (n=9), followed by cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and rheumatic studies (n=3 each), and liver disease, neurological, psychiatric conditions, and autoimmune diseases (n=2 each). Precision medicine strategies included risk-stratified screening (n=5), molecular profiling (n=3), genotype-guided therapy (n=3), personalized discharge protocols (n=3), dose reduction strategies (n=4), customized implants (n=2), and bio-mathematical modeling (n=1). HEOR methodologies included cost-effectiveness analysis (n=9), Markov state transition models (n=4), and microsimulation models (n=3). Comparative studies were most common (n=12), followed by randomized controlled trials (n=9). The implementation of these strategies revealed several challenges, such as nonadherence to screening, ethical management of risk profiles, balancing disease incidence reduction, accurate dosing, cost considerations, genomic assay reliability, reimbursement issues, and complexities in large-scale trials and treatment predictions.

CONCLUSIONS: The integration of HEOR with personalized medicine reveals several challenges, including adherence, ethical issues, and data accuracy. Despite these obstacles, personalized medicine has the potential to improve patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs.